Category:Collaborative Economy
Peer to peer dynamics drive self-aggregation around common value creation, which can either be driven from the bottom-up, or harnessed by existing corporations and institutions. In this new section, we look at the various forms this 'collaborative economy' is taking.
- Report: A Synthetic Overview of the Collaborative Economy. By Michel Bauwens, Nicolas Mendoza and Franco Iacomella, et al. Orange Labs and P2P Foundation, 2012. [1]
- Video: * Four Future P2P Scenarios, this closing keynote presents two for-profit oriented scenarios for the future of the collaborative economy, and two commons oriented ones.
Introductory Material
- Introduction to Open Source P2P Exchanges: Exchanging goods and services through secure and trusted application without the need for currencies and intermediaries. The background to the Abundant Exchange platform. This is a really good intro to the idea of p2p exchanges. [2]
- Joe_Justice_on_Rapid_and_Agile_Industrial_Development_at_Wikispeed: how all the pieces of the new 'p2p' puzzle go together to develop secure and sustainable manufacturing in very rapid ways. More info via WikiSpeed.
- Historical record shows how intellectual property systematically slowed down innovation. Rick Falkvinge: Innovation Without IP - History
Flagship Projects
* The Catalan Integral Cooperative as first Open Cooperative and strategic partner of the P2P Foundation
- Enspiral, a new governance model for the ethical economy
- Guerilla Translation, first user of the Peer Production License and close friends of the P2P Foundation
- Las Indias for their many innovations in networked cooperative thinking, such as their concept of Phyles
Typology
1
According to the Collaborative Economy Coalition, there are "Different Types of Collaborative Platforms":
Peer-to-Peer
P2P business models allow everyday citizens to rent, sell and share their homes, cars, bikes and services. These platforms allow families to create income out of otherwise non-producing assets, while giving consumers an alternative to services that are otherwise prohibitively expensive for them. Some P2P platforms allow consumers to directly buy professional creative and logistical services, while others empower citizens to give loans and startup capital to aspiring small businesspeople across America and the developing world.
Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing platforms create a pure competitive marketplace for creative talent and services. These platforms allow consumers to easily announce their creative or logistical needs to the crowd, and then choose the highest quality and most competitively priced submission.
Collaborative online markets
Online marketplaces provide individuals access to globalization. Some online markets like Etsy provide a platform for consumers to buy directly from small businesses and artisans, allowing those small businesses to scale up their production and compete with mega-retailers. Other platforms allow consumers to sell, rent, and buy pre-owned goods, thus creating cashflow for families and a market for affordable items.
Group Purchasing Platforms
Some collaborative models use technology to allow consumers to leverage group bargaining and increase their purchasing power by connecting consumers with similar interests. These models aim to create perfect equilibrium of supply and demand, allowing small businesses to scale their businesses rapidly while also providing consumers the most competitive prices possible." (http://www.collaborativeeconomycoalition.org/what-is-the-collaborative-economy/)
2
According to the Collaborative Economy Coalition, there are "Different Types of Collaborative Platforms":
Peer-to-Peer
P2P business models allow everyday citizens to rent, sell and share their homes, cars, bikes and services. These platforms allow families to create income out of otherwise non-producing assets, while giving consumers an alternative to services that are otherwise prohibitively expensive for them. Some P2P platforms allow consumers to directly buy professional creative and logistical services, while others empower citizens to give loans and startup capital to aspiring small businesspeople across America and the developing world.
Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing platforms create a pure competitive marketplace for creative talent and services. These platforms allow consumers to easily announce their creative or logistical needs to the crowd, and then choose the highest quality and most competitively priced submission.
Collaborative online markets
Online marketplaces provide individuals access to globalization. Some online markets like Etsy provide a platform for consumers to buy directly from small businesses and artisans, allowing those small businesses to scale up their production and compete with mega-retailers. Other platforms allow consumers to sell, rent, and buy pre-owned goods, thus creating cashflow for families and a market for affordable items.
Group Purchasing Platforms
Some collaborative models use technology to allow consumers to leverage group bargaining and increase their purchasing power by connecting consumers with similar interests. These models aim to create perfect equilibrium of supply and demand, allowing small businesses to scale their businesses rapidly while also providing consumers the most competitive prices possible." (http://www.collaborativeeconomycoalition.org/what-is-the-collaborative-economy/)
3
From Ouishare:
"This phenomena can be seen as the sum of the following developments:
The Sharing Economy aka Collaborative Consumption
Collaborative consumption is the seamless circulation of products and services among individuals through sharing, swapping, trading, renting, borrowing or giving, fostering access over ownership and reducing waste.
Crowdfunding and Person-to-Person Banking
Crowdfunding and person-to-person banking enable the circulation of capital between individuals to fund creative, social and entrepreneurial projects.
[Open Knowledge]]
Open knowledge enables anyone to freely use, reuse, and redistribute knowledge such as content, data, code or designs. This principle is the foundation of commons-based peer production (such as free software, the creative commons, open science, …) as well as open education, open data and open governance.
Makers, Open Design & Manufacturing
Open design and manufacturing democratize the process of designing, producing and distributing physical goods by combining open knowledge with distributed infrastructures. They rely on tools, spaces, communities and marketplaces and are fueled by the maker movement, the culture of hacking and Do-It-Yourself (DIY).
Open and Horizontal Governance open and horizontal governance are transforming organizations, public services and civic action. Leading examples include civic engagement platforms, participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, horizontal organizations, swarms, do-ocracries and holacracies." (http://ouishare.net/en/about/collaborative_economy)
Short Citations
- You'd think that crowds would have models for business, rather than business having models for crowds.
- Bruce Sterling (tweet)
Long Citations
Chris Carlson:
"Corporations ARE the problem as the common institutional form of late capitalism, the social system that is the real root of poverty and inequality. Corporations are (temporarily) immortal, often unaccountable to national laws, brazenly criminal, murderous, and have only one purpose: to accumulate capital. They are not, and cannot be, moral actors in society. Even if the most pious, ascetic monks were put in charge of large corporations, the fiduciary responsibility of corporate leaders is to ensure the growth of profits and wealth for the stockholders or private owners. Corporations are not formed to do anything useful or beneficial to humans (except as an accidental byproduct), nor other species, nor the planet as a whole, unless (and only if) the activity produces profits. Corporate leaders can be personally very greedy or completely indifferent to personal wealth. It does not matter. If they don’t show steadily increasing “growth” (accumulating capital) they will be replaced by the next interchangeable “captain of industry.” (http://www.nowtopians.com/work-and-the-economy/%E2%80%9Ccorporate-greed%E2%80%9D-is-not-the-problem)
General overview table
Overview Pages
- Amateur-Driven Value Creation
- Citizen-Driven_Value_Creation
- Community-Driven_Value_Creation
- Crowd-Driven_Value_Creation
- Peer-Driven Value Creation
- User-Driven_Value_Creation
And also:
- Co-Creative Value Creation
- Collaborative Value Creation
- Distributed Value Creation
- Participatory Value Creation
- Socially-Driven Value Creation
Important Definitions
Via [3]:
- Innovation Networks = “Firms seamlessly weave internally and externally available invention and innovation services to optimize the profitability of their products, services, and business models.” [4]
- Crowdsourcing = sourcing small and large jobs from anyone and everyone.
- Expert Sourcing = sourcing from specialized, professional-grade, vetted experts.
- Wisdom of Crowds = the wisdom of the crowd’s collective intelligence outweighs any individuals.)
Related Wiki sections
Citations
"The 20th century was preoccupied with organizing the mass production system ... in the century to come ... how more people can collaborate more effectively on creating new ideas."
- Charles Leadbeater, in: We Think
-"In the economy of things yo uare identified by what you own. In the economy of ideas you are what you share."
- Charles Leadbeater, in: We Think
Long Citations
Scaling Up From One
Scale up from one: Regular people and small manufacturing companies that lack investment capital will be able to set up low investment, “start small and scale up as it goes” businesses. Thanks to the low-cost Internet virtual storefronts, and the low cost of small-scale manufacturing for prototypes and custom goods, new companies can get started on a shoestring budget, yet sell their wares or services to niche, global marketplaces.
- Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman [5]
"When you have shared purpose, it doesn’t matter how many people work “in the company” and how many work “with” the company or how many are serving as an army of volunteers who want to advance the mission. What will it look like to lead an organization when only 5% of talent affecting output is directly on payroll, and others come and go? Organizations will not need to be big to have a big impact. But they will need an extremely clear purpose, and shared, decentralized power throughout. When a clear purpose is coupled with shared power, people can self-organize to reach the goal.
In essence, organizations will finally act flat because they will actually be flat. (And, of course, this affects management’s role and how we all manage our careers. More on that in future posts.)
Work is freed. This changes not only how we work at the broadest levels — and how we organize every single part of our organizations — but what we make, how we produce and distribute it, and how we market and sell it. Is that scary? For many, yes. But, for better or worse, social is giving us this freedom."
- Nilover Merchant [6]
Examples
Interesting innovations:
- EcoFreek: search portal for re-using/recycling
- Scred, open accounting and meaningful money for groups and projects
- Shared Reward Points program from Citibank
Rachel Botsman, author of the book, What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption, expects the consumer peer-to-peer rental market to become a $26 billion industry." (http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleid=2714)
Statistics
"Uniiverse has collated some startling figures detailing the opportunity space of ‘idlesourcing’:
- There are one billion cars on the road, 740 million of them carrying only one person, and 470m would be willing to carpool.
- There are 460 million homes in the developed world, with on average $3,000 worth of unused items available; and 69% of households would share these items if they could earn some money from it
- 300 million people in the developed world spend more than 20% of their waking hours alone and are looking for connection
- of the 2 billion internet-connected people in the world, 78% declare that their online experience has made them more amenable to sharing in the ‘real world’ (this conversion from online to offline sharing behaviour is confirmed by the Latitude Research survey). 80% of the 7 billion people on the planet today would declare that sharing makes them more happy. This means 5.7b people would be ready for a sharing economy."
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Ig31ELGDJ0Q)
See also the video: The Social Basis for a Sharing Economy
Sharing Directory
- accessories & gifts http://meshing.it/categories/1-accessories-gifts
- books & writing , http://meshing.it/categories/2-books-writing
- business & innovation , http://meshing.it/categories/3-business-innovation (Book Commons
- careers, jobs & vocation , http://meshing.it/categories/4-careers-jobs-vocations
- creativity, media & the arts , http://meshing.it/categories/7-creativity-media-the-arts
- diy , http://meshing.it/categories/8-diy
- education , http://meshing.it/categories/9-education
- energy , http://meshing.it/categories/10-energy Sharing Energy
- entertainment , http://meshing.it/categories/23-entertainment
- farming & gardening , http://meshing.it/categories/14-farming-gardening
- fashion & clothing , http://meshing.it/categories/11-fashion-clothing
- finance & economics , http://meshing.it/categories/12-finance-economics
- food & drink , http://meshing.it/categories/13-food-drink
- government , http://meshing.it/categories/6-government
- health & fitness , http://meshing.it/categories/15-health-fitness
- home improvement , http://meshing.it/categories/18-home-improvement
- kids' stuff , http://meshing.it/categories/20-kids-stuff
- marketing services , http://meshing.it/categories/21-marketing-services
- mobility , http://meshing.it/categories/28-mobility
- natural resources & environment , http://meshing.it/categories/24-natural-resources-environment
- real estate , http://meshing.it/categories/25-real-estate
- seasonal & holidays , http://meshing.it/categories/26-seasonal-holidays
- technology & data , http://meshing.it/categories/27-technology-data
- travel , http://meshing.it/categories/29-travel
- upcycling & recycling , http://meshing.it/categories/30-upcycling-recycling
Key Resources
- News about the Sharing Economy via Twitter
- Innovation in Collaborative Consumption, monitor innovative initiatives here
- The Collaborative Economy Coalition promotes the continued success of collaborative business models by advocating for policy that defends and advances sustainable local enterprise and micro-entrepreneurism.
- Shareable magazine
Key Articles
- The Co-Belongingness of Money and Community. By Luigi Doria and Luca Fantacci.
- How Personal Fabrication Will Change Manufacturing and the Economy. Hod Lipson & Melba Kurman, in Factory@Home, pp. 51+. It contributes to: Ecosystems of small manufacturers; Long tail niche markets; Economic emergence of underserved communities; Consumer-led product design; Scale up from one; Mass customization and crowdsourcing; Eco-conscious and subsistence-level manufacturing; Less market research, more toolkits
- Open vs Closed Platforms as Business Choice.From a dialogue between Jonathan Zittrain, a professor of Internet law at Harvard Law School, and Mark VandenBrink, who leads Frog Design, conducted by Mr. Sherr and Mr. Totty. [8]
- Bijoy Goswami on Social Capital vs. Market Capital: the social generates value, the market captures the value
- Charles Leadbeater: Pro-Ams as a Force for Social and Commercial Innovation
- Challenges to instutions in a Post-Gutenberg World. From an article by Richard Stacy [9]
- How Open Source Has Changed the Software Industry: Perspectives from Open Source Entrepreneurs. Juho Lindman, Risto Rajala. TIM, January 2012 [10]
- Can We Liberate the Market through Commons Governance? By Wouter Tebbens. [11] : "In the Barcelona-based Escola dels Commons we study the commons and right now we are discussing about the market, how current markets work and how they could work, if redefined under commons logic."
- Crisis of Value in a Collaborative Economy, by Izabella Kaminska.
How-to:
- How to Map the New Economy in Your City By Mira Luna
Policy
- Mellisa O'Young: Five Ways Government Can Help Collaborative Consumption
- Report: The Rise of the Micro-Multinational: How Freelancers and Technology-Savvy Start-Ups Are Driving Growth, Jobs and Innovation. By Ann Mettler and Anthony D. Williams. Lisbon Council Policy Brief, 2013. [12]: contains 8 policy proposals.
- Report: P2P Transactions and Competition Full Ref: PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) TRANSACTIONS AND COMPETITION. Autoritat Catalana de la Competencia. July 2014
- Proposals to Support the Emerging Maker Economy. Full ref: A Call to Action. FIVE PROPOSALS TO SUPPORT THE EMERGING MAKER ECONOMY. Etsy
The interplay between open source and capitalism
- On the Crisis of Value debate: Deflationary Effects of the Web Economy. By Byrne Hobart On August 1, 2011
- Open companies perform better in the market: * A New Way of Measuring Openness: The Open Governance Index. Liz Laffan. TIM Review, January 2012 [13]. A way to measure the degree of real Peer Governance of any project (particularly for Open Source Software companies).
Key Books
- We Think. Charles Leadbeater.
- Here Comes Everybody. Clay Shirky
- The Wealth of Networks. Yochai Benkler.
- Crowdsourcing. Jeff Howe.
- What's Mine is Yours. The Rise of Collaborative Consumption. Rachel Botsman.
- The Mesh. Lisa Gansky.
- Open Innovation. Henry Chesbrough.
- Democratizing Innovation. Eric von Hippel.
Key Case Studies
- See the case study on the Glif iphone tripod for an example of integrated distributed funding, design, manufacturing, marketing, and fullfilment.
Key Movements
Local
- Consumo Colaborativo, Spain
- KoKonsum, Germany
- People Who Share, UK
- Unstash, Toronto, Canada
USA
- Collaborative Chats, San Francisco, USA
- Let’s Collaborate, NYC
- Share Exchange, Santa Rosa, USA
- Share Tompkins, Ithaca, NY
- Shared Squared, NYC
- Sharers of San Francisco
Key Statistics
"According to MIT Sloan Expert Jaime Contreras, the collaborative economy is far more than just a rapidly growing, nouveau approach to business; it could actually turn out to be a billion-dollar cash cow. A 110-billion-dollar cash cow, to be exact.
From MITS:\ “Today the sharing economy — the peer-to-peer exchange of goods and services — is being called next big trend in social commerce, and represents what some analysts say is a potential $110 billion market. Internet technology and access to information allow us to share our belongings with others more easily than ever before and wring value out of stuff we already own. That, coupled with many people’s desire to lead greener, less consumptive lives, is driving this trend.” (http://www.business2community.com/trends-news/know-collaborative-economy-110b-market-0745600)
The 2014 Shift in Business Mentality
The shift is happening at the core of business and capitalism as much as at the bottom: "Companies are increasingly eager to work together on research, development, and production. Last year, nervous about protecting their intellectual property, only 38% of executives were looking to collaborate more; today 77% report the risks associated with collaboration are worth taking. Two-thirds (64%) of executives are already engaged in collaborative activities. We are witnessing the rise of the global brain, where experts from outside are brought in—as knowledge is shared across industries and geographies. The democratization of technology is enabling a growing new generation of entrepreneurs who need partners to help them scale. Already 59% of businesses use open source innovation, involving partners such as entrepreneurs, to develop new ideas." (http://www.ideaslaboratory.com/projects/innovation-barometer-2014/)
See also, documenting a previous civic shift to trust in peers: the Edelman Peer Trust Barometer
Key Videos
- Charles Leadbeater on Collaborative Innovation: TED video on 'collaborative creativity' i.e. user driven innovation
Visualisations
- Solidarity Economy concept map:
-
Solidarity Economy visualisation
Pages in category "Collaborative Economy"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 920 total.
(previous page) (next page)A
- Abundant Exchange
- Affinity Earning
- Affinity Investing
- Affinity Philanthropy
- Affinity Purchasing
- Agata Jaworska on the Design for Download Project
- Airbnb
- Alan Moore on Engagement Marketing
- Alan Moore on the Faltering Mainstream Economy and the Emerging New Economy
- Albert Cañigueral
- Alfons Cornella on the Future as Co-Capitalism
- Allsourcing
- Alternative Economies Resource Guide
- Alternative Economies Subgroup of OWS Arts and Labor
- Amacca
- Amateur to Amateur
- Amateur-Driven Value Creation
- Anne McCrossan on Reinventing the Organization
- Anne‐Sophie Novel
- Anti-Free Software Movement
- App Economy
- Applications Economy
- Assembly
- Asset-Sharing Movement
- Augmented Collaborative Economy
- Axel Bruns
- Axel Bruns on Produsage
B
- B Entrepreneurs
- Banking Without Banks
- BarCola
- Barriers to Co-Creation
- Barry Stein on the Optimal Size for the Efficiency of Community Enterprises
- Ben Einstein on Building a Hardware Company
- Benepreneur
- Benjamin Tincq
- Berlin Hardware Accelerator
- Big Shift
- Bijoy Goswami on Social Capital vs. Market Capital
- BitInstant Bitcoin Economy
- Bottom Up Era
- Brazilian Local Development Community Banks
- Brent Hoberman on Investment in Collaborative Consumption
- BrickBuilders
- Bright Futures
- Buffer Vehicles as Commons in a Carpooling System
- Building an Economic Ecosystem for New Business Models and Ideas
- Building Trust in P2P Marketplaces
- Business Process Crowdsourcing
- Business to Consumer Sharing, Consumer to Consumer Sharing, and Business to Business Sharing
C
- Can We Liberate the Market through Commons Governance
- Capitalist Collaborative Production
- Carpooling
- Carrotmob
- Carsharing
- Case studies of Co-creative Labour
- Casey Fenton on the CouchSurfing Experience
- Centralized Control Behind Crowdsourcing
- Chad Hurley on Revenue Sharing at YouTube
- Characteristics of Future-Proof Companies in the Age of the Collaborative Commons
- Charles Leadbeater on Collaborative Innovation
- Charles Leadbeater on Open Innovation
- Charles Leadbeater on We Think
- Chris Anderson on Free as the Future of a Radical Price
- Citizen Banking
- Citizen Engineers
- Citizen Journalism - Business Models
- Citizen-Driven Value Creation
- City Policies for the Commons Collaborative Economy in Barcelona
- Civic Consumption
- Classification of Crowdsourcing Approaches
- Clickworker
- Clickworkers
- Clive Young on Fan Cinema
- Cloud Commuting
- Cloud Labor
- Co-Belongingness of Money and Community
- Co-City Turin
- Co-Creating Health Services
- Co-Creation
- Co-Creation Facilitators
- Co-Creation Forum
- Co-Creative Recipe
- Co-Creative Value Creation
- Co-Design
- Co-Governance
- Co-Learning
- Co-Manufacturing and New Economic Paradigms
- Co-Production
- Co-Revolution
- Co-Society
- Cohousing Directory
- Collaboration Marketing
- Collaboration Theory
- Collaborative Chats
- Collaborative Cities
- Collaborative Consumption
- Collaborative Consumption - Business Models
- Collaborative Credit
- Collaborative Culture vs Participatory Culture
- Collaborative Economy - Concept
- Collaborative Economy as an Opportunity for Cooperatives
- Collaborative Economy Coalition
- Collaborative Economy for the Common Good
- Collaborative Economy Funding
- Collaborative Economy in France
- Collaborative Economy Technology Stack
- Collaborative Fund
- Collaborative Housing
- Collaborative Innovation at Michelin
- Collaborative Innovation Networks
- Collaborative Investment Research
- Collaborative Lab
- Collaborative Networks and the Productive Precariat
- Collaborative Production
- Collaborative Society
- Collaborative Territories Toolkit
- Collaborative Value Creation
- Collaboratively Speaking with Shelby Clark of RelayRides
- Collective Food Buying Groups
- Collective Innovation
- Collective Invention
- Collective Invention of Bessemer Steel
- Collective Invention of Blast Furnaces
- Collective Invention of Steam Engines
- Coloplast User-Driven Innovation
- Commodification of the Couch and the Emergence of Hospitality Exchange Networks
- Common Good Finance
- Common Welfare Economy
- Commons Balance of the Platform Collaborative Economy
- Commons-Based Peer Production
- Communitarian Sharing Lifestyles
- Community Bike Shops
- Community Bike Shops - Business Models
- Community Capitalism
- Community Energy Pioneers in Finland
- Community Funding Enterprise
- Community Investment Enterprises
- Community Lover’s Guide to the Universe
- Community Self Help
- Community Supported Supply Chains
- Community-Driven
- Community-Driven Value Creation
- Community-Oriented Skillsharing Sites
- Companies of the Commons
- Compendium for the Civic Economy
- Competition Platforms
- Composability
- Consumer-Generated Media
- Consumer-Led Product Design
- Consumer-Owned Cooperatives
- Consumo Colaborativo
- Contingent Cooperation
- Coop-Laborative Economy
- Cooperative and Participative Entrepreneurship
- Cooperative Capital
- Cooperative Capitalism
- Cooperative Economics
- Cooperative Innovation at Aventis
- CoopFunding
- Coordination Theory and Collaboration Technology
- Corporate Complaint Sites
- Corporate Open Innovation
- Corporations
- Coworfing
- Coworking
- Coworking 2.0
- Coworking Directories
- Coworking Spaces
- Coworking Visa
- Coworking Wiki
- Craigslist
- Creating Good Work
- Creating Sustainable Societies
- Crime Sourcing
- Crisis of Value in a Collaborative Economy
- Critical Assessment of European Agenda for the Collaborative Economy
- Critique of Kickstarter as a Scam
- Cronnection
- Crop Mob
- Crowd
- Crowd Business Models
- Crowd Companies
- Crowd Companies Association
- Crowd Contests
- Crowd Creativity
- Crowd Expedition
- Crowd Harnessing
- Crowd IPR
- Crowd Process Providers
- Crowd-Based Insurance Startups
- Crowd-Based Problem Solving
- Crowd-Driven Value Creation
- Crowd-Working
- CrowdCon 2011 Panel on Cloud Labor
- Crowdcreation
- CrowdFlower